Police Technological Advancements Research Paper

Police Technological Advancements - Research Paper Example These innovations provide much comfort and to a great extent security to the average consumer. However, despite the valuable assistance that such developments have provided to us, these techno upgrades have also created opportunities for criminals to flourish even more. Cyber crimes abound and identity theft has risen. Here, thieves do not need to hold you at gun point and steal from you, they just need to â€Å"pretend† they are you and let you take the fall for the expenses they will incur in your behalf (Identity Theft & Credit Fraud). Criminals have also found ingenious ways of going around various technological check points such as surgically implanting heroine on puppies. With the advances in technology comes the improvement in the way criminals think and act thereby necessitating that law enforcers up the ante a little bit so as to be one step ahead or at par with these culprits. Police work is a very dangerous business and these men and women have to contend with the r eality of danger each day. But, unlike in the military, policemen are much more inclined to public service and safety hence the need to take in rather than take out the criminals. This reality puts the everyday cop on the block in a quandary as they have to strictly adhere to the sanctity of human life thereby limiting the use of force unless it is severely necessary whereas they are faced with entities that seem to have no regards whatsoever to these rights (OHCHR Human Rights Standards and Practice for the Police ). Thus, to ensure safety of the arresting officer as well as to respect and enforce human rights and combat the increasing sophistication of offenders, police forces around the world have commissioned technology to aide them in ensuring public safety. Technological Advances in Detection and Weaponry Aerial Sentinel – the MQ-1 Predator Most people would think that police work is about arresting criminals. However, although it is the part that is mostly reported and where they are most exposed to danger, arresting is only a small part of police work. A very important aspect of doing police work is in safekeeping the public. This involves various forms of reconnaissance to track criminals and secure evidence for prosecution. A big boost in doing this police work is the utilization of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV’s) to help enforces track, pinpoint and ultimately apprehend offenders. After a very successful stint in the armed forces, the UAV has also started a career in police work. Very recently, it has been reported that unmanned UAV’s have taken part in the war on drugs in Mexico wherein the US assisted Mexican authorities in dismantling drug cartels by providing valuable information through their Predators (BBC News). Since respect for territorial sovereignty is key in the cooperative efforts, only the Predator has been used since it is the unarmed variant of these UAV’s. However, though without firepower, this machine is armed to the teeth with state of the art reconnaissance systems and is able to provide up to date images anytime and any day (General Atomics Aeronautical). Stun Guns As mentioned, the nature of police work is to take in rather than take out a target. With the rising global concern on human rights, police forces

Murdering Mckinley Essay Example for Free

Murdering Mckinley Essay The main factors that are presented in the book include how the assassination affected America and its society, Roosevelt’s response to the assassination and his succession to the presidency, the reasons for committing the murder, and the evidence that supports the cases of the assassin and the district attorney. I found this book to be a well-organized and accurate account of the assassination as well as the surrounding events. I found the events that occurred to be extremely wrong and hurtful to the American society. The means by which the assassin achieved the political changes that he desired were completely immoral and threatening to America. Rauchway describes William McKinley’s assassination in the year of 1901 by explaining to the reader the motives of the assassin, the reaction of the district attorney and society, and the response that Roosevelt had to suddenly becoming the President of the United States. On September 6, 1901 President William McKinley was tragically assassinated at the Pan American Exposition in Buffalo, NY by Leon F. Czolgosz. President McKinley ran the politics of state supported capitalism. He was a strong conservative, which was reflected in his successes of reopening factories and putting individuals back to work. Czolgosz disliked McKinley’s politics and wanted McKinley himself to fall in order to prove America was vulnerable and to strip the American people of any illusions of safety. Although the motives behind Czolgosz’s actions were complet ely immoral, he did have well supported logic behind these actions. The case ultimately went to trial, and the district attorney tried to prove that the assassin succumbed to radicalism through his anger of his social standing. Some would argue that Czolgosz was mentally insane and delusional and that he should receive mercy. At the time of the assassination the American society was becoming more urban and more complex, leading people to have less control over their own fates. People soon began to believe that a sane and healthy social environment would lead to a sane and healthy United States population. Movements to sustain these ideas grew and flourished during the time of Roosevelt’s presidency. This led to liberal political ideology, which soon became kno wn as progressivism. The main impact that McKinley’s assassination had on Americans was that it pressured them to be more clear and up front on their opinions of a working class which included a large number of immigrants. It also encouraged the people to voice their opinion on race in the developing democracy. The organization of the text and manner by which the facts were presented by the author made it easy to follow and understand. I found the book to be unbiased while representing all sides of the argument fairly. The book contains evidence of the details given and the author sometimes uses other historians to back uphisevidenceasagoodwaytosupporthisstatements. Tome,therealbenefitof reading this book was that it helped to expand my knowledge of the actual events of the assassination as well the effects that it had upon America and Roosevelt’s new role as President. I feel that the arguments presented by Rauchway regarding whether or not the assassination was a positive or negative experience for America were mostly equal. After reading the book I gained a better understanding of the affects of the murder. I am able to understand that although McKinley’s death was a tragedy, ultimately America was able to flourish through the progressivism supported through Roosevelt’s policies. However, I feel very strongly that Czolgosz’s act of murder was completely inhumane and very disrespectful to America and its people. As a whole, the book was a very well written description of the murder of William Mckinley and of the affects it imposed on the country. The murder of McKinley had many lasting impacts on American society. Through the assassination, America recieved a push towards progressivism, and became a wake up call to American politics. Although it was a misfortunate act which was committed, it did help America to grow and become stronger as a nation. Roosevelt took a strong stance as the new President and bravely faced the challenge of leading America with courage and knowledge. He acted upon constituent’s fears so that they would become supporters of his efforts to rid radical dissent. Some say Czolgosz acted upon his own insanity, however his decisions were based on logic and his life ended in the electric chair and his remains were doused in sulfuric acid. When he committed the crime he was aware that there would be extreme consequences for his actions. This showed America how far some people would go to achieve the political changes they desired. As Americans today look back on the tragic event, it is seen as one of the most devastating days in American history. However, in the end America found the strength and courage to push through the sorrow and hurt and eventually grow from the death that birthed a new nation. Eric Rauchway presents this tragic event in American history with a hopeful and optimistic tone as he emphasizes the positive growth that America managed to obtain through Roosevelt’s policies. His account is easy to understand yet still challenges the reader to think more deeply about the implications of the event.

Fungal Collection, Culturing and Identification

Fungal Collection, Culturing and Identification Abstract Fungi are Eukaryotic cells that are able to synthesize enzymes when required to break down complex mono and polysaccharides when in contact with it. There is much to understand with this fascinating Kingdom that the Fungi belong to as Biotechnology within these organisms may play a fundamental role within Industrial waste. There is much to study and learn from these organisms and possible outcomes of collecting, culturing and Identifying these complexed organisms as they may possibly resolve and revolutionize the waste industry to prevent damage and ecologically reverse damage to the planet. Chapter 1:  Introduction Overview 1. Fungi Are a large group of eukaryotic organisms that are classified as having its own recognized kingdom. This kingdom has an enormous variety that includes unicellular microorganism and multicellular organisms that are separate from the other kingdoms of life. It is Estimated anywhere between 1.5 to 5 million species exist. These unique organisms contain properties that produce fungal compounds that provides many possible applications within industry. General characteristics of fungi include but not limited to: Cell wall consists of Chitin. Fungi are heterotrophs meaning they are not able to produce their own food, but obtain Its nutrients by the absorption of its surroundings by the secretion of digestive enzymes. In an ecological system, fungi are described as decomposer organisms. It is now known that the DNA of fungi are more related to animals than plants. These organisms are abundant worldwide, A majority of fungi are not clearly visible due to their small size, structure, and perplexed biological processes in soil or on dead matter. 2. Classification / Taxonomy Taxonomy is a scientific method to group biological organisms on the grounds of characteristics and naming the organisms into groups or categories. Formally only 5% of Kingdom Fungi has been formally classified, methods of arrangement have been based on biological taxonomy based upon different characteristics such as type of hypha, spore, and reproduction process. This provides a template of key features to identify and class organisms in the form of a list. All concepts are man-made and to a certain degree are arbitrary. 3. Morphology General: Fungi displays itself in a wide variety of size and shape, from unicellular, microscopic organisms to more advanced multicellular forms that are able to be seen with the naked eye. Fungi cell size ranges from 1 to 30. Fungi that are microscopic are classified as molds, yeasts or both. Molds: Are larger multicellular organisms that contains a network of branching filaments. This is called hyphae. The two known types of hyphae are vegetative and reproductive hyphae. The reproductive hyphae contain spores (fungal spores are different from bacterial spores as bacterial spores are for the fundamental purpose of survival in harsh conditions as opposed to reproductive purposes for fungi). The spores produced from fungi are used for the role of classification and identification of fungi. The hyphae are described to contain a tube-like appearance, the hyphae and other structures combine to form an elaborate network called a mycelium. Yeasts: These single-celled organisms are large (5 to 8) that rarely form filaments. Most yeasts undergo an asexual process referred to as budding. Colonies of yeast are usually described as having a surface considered to be smooth similar to many bacteria. 4. Physiology Is the scientific observation of living systems in organisms, focusing on nutrition, reproduction, and growth. Nutrition for most fungi contain enzymes that are complex with other chemical substances that diffuse from the fungi to break down complex substances that are available, e.g. wood, vegetation, bread etc. into simpler substances that is digested by fungi. The products of digestion are formed outside of the organism and the fungus absorbs the end products. Reproduction for fungi is unique as organisms can reproduce sexually or asexually, or both depending upon various factors e.g. the species, the environmental factors etc. Sexual reproduction undergoes when two spores are compatible to reproduce with one another. Growth for fungi are similar as to the growth of bacteria, favourable conditions involve warmth and moisture. As the temperature lowers, fungal activity also lowers. However, spores are very resistant to cold temperatures for long periods of time. At high temperatures, fungi are easily killed. Figure 1: Typical mycelium structure of a fungus Figure 2: Morphology and General Properties of Fungi. Figure 2 describes the morphology of an individual colony of fungi growing in a Petri dish. Figure 2 can be used to establish and identify organisms in the fungi Kingdom.Each type of fungus will produce different colonies. Specific terminology is established to describe the different types of common colony forming organisms. Size The size of a colony is measured by the diameter. Form This establishes the basic shape of the colony in question e.g. if its circular, filamentous, etc. Elevation This establishes how to describe a colony from observing the colony at an angle. Surface This establishes how to describe the appearance of the colony whether if it is rough, wrinkled, smooth, etc. Opacity- This describes how translucent the colony in question is e.g. transparent (clear), opaque etc. Colour Also referred to as pigmentation of the colony of whether if the colony has a distinguishable colour associated with the organism. Identifying similarities between different fungal organisms allowing the organisms to be catalogued in a unique way for different Phyla to be established and recognizing different organisms to be closely related to one another depicted in figure 3 creating a cluster of analysis. Figure 3 is a cluster analysis. In Figure 3. The 26 sites cluster into four major groups from A to D. These sites have been clustered based on similarities of the fungal community that the organisms belong to. 4. Species To Examine a group of fungi that would have similar traits. The filamentous fungi contain cells that grow as tubular, elongated, and thread-like structures. These structures are called hyphae, which may contain multiple nuclei and extend by growing at their tips. Each tip contains a set of aggregated vesicles cellular structures consisting of proteins, lipids, and other organic molecules associated with fungi chemical compound production. Penicillium is a genus of ascomycetous fungi. This genus is of major importance in the food and drug industry. Some members of this genus produce the antibiotic penicillin, a molecule that is used to kill or inhibit the growth of certain kinds of bacteria inside the body. Other species are used in cheese making. The characteristics to expect typically consists of a highly-branched network of multinucleate, septate, usually colourless hyphae. The mycelia contain many-branched conidiophores, the conidiospores are the main route of dispersal of the fungi, and often are green in colour. Aspergillus Is a genus a genus that is recognized as a mould species found in various climates worldwide. This genus is known as a group of conidial fungi, which in turn cause this group to be in an asexual state. Members of the genus possess the ability to grow where a high osmotic concentration (high sugar, salt, etc. exists. The species are highly aerobic and are widely found where oxygen-rich environments on the surface of substrates. Commonly grown on carbon-rich substrates like monosaccharides (e.g. glucose) and polysaccharides (e.g. amylose). Starchy foods are generally contaminated by this genus. Talaromyces Is a genus of fungi, described as species in the genus form soft, cottony fruit bodies with cell walls with an intricate network of hyphae. The fruit bodies are often described with yellowish characteristics or are surrounded by yellowish granules. Rhizomucor Is a genus of fungi that are described to be thermophilic, with a minimum growth temperature of 20 ° C with a maximum growth temperature of 60 ° C. Trichoderma Is a genus of fungi that is present in all soils, they are most prevalent culturable fungi as they are fast growing at 25 30 ° C, colonies are transparent at first on media such as cornmeal dextrose agar (CMD) or white on richer media such as potato dextrose agar (PDA). Conidia typically form within a week in shades of green or yellow pigment. A yellow pigment maybe secreted into the agar, especially on PDA. Industrial applications involve enzyme production for cellulose, xylanase and chitinase. Fusarium Is a genus of filamentous fungi. Its industrial application is used in human consumption. This genus is produced and marketed under the name Quorn. 5. Culturing Organisms of interest will be cultured in the lab and Identified accordingly on the characteristics they exhibit by Classical Methods that rely on direct observation of fungi, including microscopy as well as direct sampling of fungal fruiting bodies, incubation of substrata in most chambers, culturing of endophytes and particle plating. 6. Laboratory Methods Are used to collect, culture, and identify organisms in the lab with the following processes of Aseptic Technique, Microscopy, and biochemical analysis. 7. Aseptic Technique Is a critical method to successfully observe fungal growth and distinct characteristics with the prevention of microbial contamination. This technique is carried out in a variety of ways. The use of a Bunsen burner when dealing with petri dishes to keep the laboratory environment as clean as possible and to prevent possible contamination, as well as sterilising inoculation loops when inoculating fungal organisms. A disinfectant such as Distil is utilized to ensure that the work surfaces and equipment are free from possible contamination. It is also encouraged to flame any containers where appropriate before and after use. This is to prevent any unwanted organisms being introduced in the lab when observing the interested fungal organisms with the interest to preserve fungal purity. 8. Microscopy Classical Methods of identification of fungal organisms are examined under a microscope to identify specific characteristics within fungi. Specific families of fungi are able to by morphologically identified by colourless hyphae that would be presented on organisms. Others are able to be characterized by dark colonies and pigmented fungal elements seen on microscopic examination of fungal material that was prepared by biopsy. Fungi that has the ablity to infect hair and nails; often displays fluffy or fine texture and are pale coloured with distinct hyphae. Biochemical Tests Are laboratory methods to Identify fungal organisms. These include carbohydrate fermentation, this tests whether a certain yeast ferments different carbohydrates. Carbohydate assimilation studies: this tests whether a yeast can aerobically utize various carbon and nitrogen compounds with oxygen. API 20C system involves freeze-dried sugars are placed into wells on a plstic strip, yeast medium is pipetted into wells, incubated and turbidity determines growth. Uni-yeast tek system Identifies yeasts based on their ablity to ferment certain sugars. Media Selecting the correct media for optimal fungal growth in the lab is essential. Sabourauds Dextrose agar (SDA) is sufficient for culturing fungi as its rich in nutrients to support fungal growth and is a preferred medium. Enzymes Enzymes play a fundamental role in fungal extracellular activity. Enzymes are synthesized inside the cell and are secreted outside the cell. The main function of these enzymes involve the breakdown of complex macromolecules into smaller units to be digested by the cell for growth and assimilation. Organic matter such as cellulose are degraded into simple sugars that enzyme-producing organisms use as a source of carbon, energy, and nutrition. Enzymes are categorized in the following: hydrolases, lyases, oxidoreductases and transferases. These enzymes breakdown complexed compounds in specific ways for the cell to take up nutrients. Fungi are widely diverse giving this kingdom the Application in Industry Microorganisms produce enzymes, with current understandings of cell knowledge and recombinant protein, it is possible to modify the cell to produce enzymes with more efficient proderties e.g. better yield and purity. For saccharification of plant polysaccharides and biofuel production, fungi are valuable sources for enzyme production. Enzymatic degradation of wastes. Waste material is a fundamental factor in Industry. A majority of pharmaceutical, industrial, agricultural and forestation waste costs more to dispose of properly than sometimes the production. This results in several problems leading to environmental, health and safety issues that prevent sustainable development that could be dealt with in alternative ways for the aim to reduce waste. Current technology is investigating if Enzymes are able to play a fundamental role in waste degradation to prevent, reduce, reuse, and recycle pharmaceutical waste that would be considered costly to properly dispose of. Fungi is recognized to be a complexed eukaryotic cell that may hold the answers industry is looking for to improve these matters. References: Bright Hub Education. (2017). Animal, Plant, and Fungi Phylogeny: A Surprising Relationship in Eukaryota Phylogeny. [online] Available at: http://www.brighthubeducation.com/science-homework-help/8061-relationship-between-animal-plant-and-fungi-phylogeny/ [Accessed 3 Jan. 2017]. Arnold, P. (2017). Facts about Fungi and Types of Fungus. [online] Bright Hub. Available at: http://www.brighthub.com/science/genetics/articles/59758.aspx [Accessed 3 Jan. 2017]. Bright Hub Education. (2017). Definition of Fungus, Based on Fungi Phylogeny. [online] Available at: http://www.brighthubeducation.com/science-homework-help/9115-defining-fungi-with-phylogeny/ [Accessed 5 Jan. 2017]. Microbiology, (2016). Morphology and general and general properties of fungi. [online] Slideshare.net. Available at: http://www.slideshare.net/amjadkhanafridi4all/morphology-and-general-and-general-properties-of-fungi [Accessed 4 Jan. 2017]. keote, g. (2017). MORPHOLOGY AND CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA. [online] Academia.edu. Available at: http://www.academia.edu/21450341/MORPHOLOGY_AND_CLASSIFICATION_OF_BACTERIA [Accessed 6 Jan. 2017]. Novozymes.com. (2017). Selecting enzymes. [online] Available at: http://www.novozymes.com/en/about-us/our-business/what-are-enzymes/finding-and-producing-enzymes [Accessed 6 Jan. 2017]. Amfep.org. (2017). How Enzymes are made? | Amfep Association of Manufacturers and Formulators of Enzyme Products. [online] Available at: http://www.amfep.org/content/how-enzymes-are-made [Accessed 6 Jan. 2017]. Znameroski, E., Coradetti, S., Roche, C., Tsai, J., Iavarone, A., Cate, J. and Glass, N. (2012). Induction of lignocellulose-degrading enzymes in Neurospora crassa by cellodextrins. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 109(16), pp.6012-6017. Sciencedirect.com. (2017). The role of carbon starvation in the induction of enzymes that degrade plant-derived carbohydrates in Aspergillus niger . [online] Available at: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1087184514000607 [Accessed 9 Jan. 2017]. Jun, H., Kieselbach, T. and Jà ¶nsson, L. (2011). Enzyme production by filamentous fungi: analysis of the secretome of Trichoderma reesei grown on unconventional carbon source. Microbial Cell Factories, 10(1), p.68. Jun, H., Kieselbach, T. and Jà ¶nsson, L. (2011). Enzyme production by filamentous fungi: analysis of the secretome of Trichoderma reesei grown on unconventional carbon source. Microbial Cell Factories, 10(1), p.68. Taherzadeh, M. and Karimi, K. (2008). Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Wastes to Improve Ethanol and Biogas Production: A Review. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 9(9), pp.1621-1651. El-Shishtawy, R., Mohamed, S., Asiri, A., Gomaa, A., Ibrahim, I. and Al-Talhi, H. (2015). Saccharification and hydrolytic enzyme production of alkali pre-treated wheat bran by Trichoderma virens under solid state fermentation. BMC Biotechnology, 15(1). Canilha, L., Chandel, A., Suzane dos Santos Milessi, T., Antunes, F., Luiz da Costa Freitas, W., das Graà §as Almeida Felipe, M. and da Silva, S. (2012). Bioconversion of Sugarcane Biomass into Ethanol: An Overview about Composition, Pretreatment Methods, Detoxification of Hydrolysates, Enzymatic Saccharification, and Ethanol Fermentation. Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, 2012, pp.1-15. Østergaard, L. and Olsen, H. (2010). Industrial Applications of Fungal Enzymes. Industrial Applications, pp.269-290. Kuhad, R., Gupta, R. and Singh, A. (2011). Microbial Cellulases and Their Industrial Applications. Enzyme Research, 2011, pp.1-10. Cell.com. (2017). [online] Available at: http://www.cell.com/trends/biochemical-sciences/fulltext/S0968-0004(16)30024-X [Accessed 15 Jan. 2017]. Webster, J. and Weber R.W.S. (2007) Introduction to Fungi, 3rd edn., Published in the United States of America : Cambridge University Press, New York. Schmit, J,P. and Lodge, D,J. (2004) Classical Methods and Modern Analysis for Studying Fungal Diversity, The Forest Products Laboratory: The University of Wisconsin. Crous, P.W., (2005) Fungal Taxonomy, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands.: Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures. Hibbett, D.S., Binder, M., Bischoff, J.F., Blackwell, M., Cannon., P.F., et al (2007) A higher-level phylogenetic classification of the Fungi, Online: Elsevier Ltd. Wickerham L.J., (1950) Taxonomy of Yeasts, Northern Regional Research Laboratory: Agricultural Research Administration. Moore R.T., (1980) Taxonomic Proposals for the classification of marine yeasts and other yeast-like fungi including the smuts, Botanica Marina: Botanica Marina. Perez J., Munoz-Dorado J., Rubia, T.D.L., Martinez, J. (2002) Biodegradation and biological treatments of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin: an overview, Online: Springer-Verlag and Sem 2002. Acharya, T. (2014). Common Fungal Culture Media and their uses microbeonline. [online] microbeonline. Available at: http://microbeonline.com/common-fungal-culture-media-uses/ [Accessed 16 Jan. 2017].      

DEAF TECHNOLOGY Essay examples -- Essays Papers

DEAF TECHNOLOGY Individuals who are deaf or are hearing impaired are faced with many problems in today’s world. There are so many tasks and activities that are done today that deaf or hearing impaired people may have difficulty doing because of there handicap. There handicap used to stop them or inhibit them from doing something that they are interested in or there friends and neighbors would do. However in today there are new and different technologies, that help the deaf and hearing impaired in the activities in which they want to participate in which is hard for them to take part in because of there handicap. Technology is used to help with everyday tasks in the lives of deaf and hearing impaired individuals. With out this new technology which is being invented everyday, deaf and hearing impaired people may be considered to have a handicap which prevents them from certain activities, but this is not the case anymore, now these people just have different obstacles which through the use of t echnology they are learning to over come. They can do anything that regular normal range of hearing individuals can do, due to the new technology being invented everyday. Deaf and hearing impaired individuals are know longer an out cast group. They now have there own deaf community. Deaf individuals do not consider themselves having an impairment, handicap, or any type of disability. They believe that through the use of sign language, other communication skills, and technology that there deafness is the way they are supposed to be. Many people who have perfect hearing can not understand deaf people and why they embrace there deafness instead of trying to receive hearing and get rid of there handicap. However not all deaf people have th... ...old, Johnson. (2004). U.S. Deaf Education Teacher Preparation Programs: A Look at the Present and a Vision for the Future. American Annals of Deaf, 149, 75-91. Subject-Based Deaf and Hard of Hearing Internet Resources. (2004, August 31). Retrieved October 17, 2004, from http://wally.rit.edu/internet/subject/deafness.html Tellatouch. (2004). Retrieved October 17, 2004, from http://www.aph.org/braillewriters/tell.htm National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders. (November 2002). Retrieved October 17, 2004, from http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/hearing/coch.asp Keeping in touch through Maryland Relay, Baltimore MD, Maryland Department of Budget Management. Nebraska Commission for the Deaf and hard of Hearing, (2004) How To use a TTY, Retreived November 14, 2004, from http://www.nol.org/home/NCDHH/brochures/how_to_tty_broch.pdf

Case Analysis: Employee Attitudes Essay

1. Which of Schwartz’s 10 values are driving the behavior of managers at Bain & Company, Home Depot, and Best Buy? Provide examples to support your conclusions. Bain’s management is driven by he Schwartz’s values of power and self- direction. In a downturn, he chose to go against the grain and take advantage of the situation, hiring people instead of laying off which allows him to snatch up recently unemployed or underemployed quality candidates. His approach is clever and keeps him ahead of the competition. He also spreads out from the market in recession and looks for opportunities in emerging ones. In the case of Home Depot, the management is driven by universalism, lowering the target goals for the employees so they can more easily achieve bonuses when business isn’t booming. This also touches on security, in that they are building loyalty and dedication within their workers. Best Buy chose to bring their employees into being part of the solution. The value of universalism is seen here as they encourage their workers to think globally to solve a problem. While I understand that this approach has value, making employees part of the solution fosters a feeling of team spirit and working together, I believe it could also backfire, leaving employees feeling they must help solve company financial issues or they could be left without a job. I am not sure Best Buy’s approach is enough. 1. How would you describe Steve Ellis’s affective, cognitive, and behavioral components of his attitude toward managing in a recession? Be specific. Steve Ellis’s attitude toward managing in a recessions contains an affective component, reflecting emotions and feelings towards his ideas. His affective component is positive, optimistic and enthusiastic. His cognitive component, which reflects his beliefs about this situation, is shown as his belief that doing the counter intuitive thing by hiring and expanding to  other markets will result in better power and profit, regardless of the recession and certainly when the market recovers. His behavior component, how he plans to act in this situation, is clever, insightful and strategic based on experiences and instincts he has gain during his career. 2. How are Home Depot and Best Buy trying to increase employee involvement? Home depot and Best Buy are trying to increase employee involvement in similar and also different ways. Home Depot cut the targets employees needed to hit to achieve a bonus, allowing the bonus to still be possible in an economic downturn. They are ultimately creating loyalty and a feeling of working for a company that values and understands its employees. Best Buy is bringing their employees into the management process by taking their feedback and using that to create processes and policies that help manage costs during the recession. This also can create loyalty and a sense that the company values the employees. 3. Use Ajzen’s theory of planned behavior (Figure 6–3) to analyze how managers can increase employee performance during a recession. Be sure to explain what managers can do to affect each aspect of the theory. Managers must first change the employees attitude about their work. They can create engagement by seeking feedback, making employees a part of the solution. They can create a level of loyalty and a feeling of being respected by being honest about the company’s financial state, long term goals and challenges. They can also do as Jet Blue did and show the employees that everyone is affected, from the highest ranks, by lessening salaries at the top and spreading the negative impact fairly throughout the organization. Next they need to convince the employees that the behaviors they want the employees to harbor are important to the employees. They can do this by tracking process and showing them results of the behaviors, keeping communication open to allow updates, bringing the employees into the process so that they understand the bigger picture impact of their individual and group behavior. Finally, they must convince the employees that they have some control over the outcome. Show them that every change has an impact and give them some decisions to make. Allow them to choose  between equally important processes. 4. Based on what you learned in this chapter, what advice would you give to managers trying increase employees’ organizational commitment? I believe that a good manager has the ability to inspire individuals and teams, has a strong ability to recognize strengths and weaknesses in individuals and teams and capitalize on the strengths while lessening the impact of the weaknesses. Managers must always communicate the goals and objectives, repeating often to keep the focus on them. They must recognize achievement with pay, but also recognize the other things that drive and motivate employees, like awards. In my company, sales people are always rewarded for high achievement with money, but many of the other teams appear more satisfied with awards relating to recognition, promotion, sitting on committees, etc. Managers must foster teamwork, and allow working conditions that give a good work life balance. They should encourage work to be a fun, fulfilling part of the employees’ lives, not a job.

Torture may be the answer for a growing terrorist problem essays

Torture may be the answer for a growing terrorist problem essays Mother always said to tell the truth and be good. If people took this to heart the country wouldnt be facing the crime and terrorist problem. When people are arrested, they will do whatever they can to get out of their accusations; they will get the best lawyers, try to put on a face of innocence, tamper with evidence, make up a false alibi, and frequently lie. Its true they have to swear oath and put their hand on the bible. Lying under oath my be a sin to some, but not to others. When their lives are at stake, people will do whatever they can to seem innocent. So how is a judge or a jury supposed to get the truth and only the truth out of a criminal? The concept seems so simple, but it is very complicated. I will argue that torture should be allowed in the United States because it would help to get valuable information out of suspects. Torture is definitely not one sided, nor is it that easy to decide if and when torture should be used in each individual situation. It is easier to be against torture than to be for it. Torture is cruel and barbaric, and criminals whether guilty or thought to be shouldnt have to go through torture. Michael Levin says that torturing a terrorist maybe unconstitutional, but it maybe needed in times of great need (356 Levin). If someone is proven guilty, then they will receive their proper punishment, but if they are tortured, they are receiving punishment before they were tried in a court. Torture goes against the classic American belief of liberty and freedom to all people, including the phrase innocent until proven guilty. Since this country stands for liberty and freedom to all people, American citizens shouldnt have to live in fear of criminals, but on the other hand, they should not have to worry that they would be tortured for every petty crime like shop lifting or speeding. Torture shouldnt be an every day happ...

Essay on Design inspiration and design performance

Essay on Design inspiration and design performance Essay on Design inspiration and design performance Essay on Design inspiration and design performanceNowadays the role of design could not be underestimated, thus the work of designers is evident in all life spheres, such as graphic design, fashion design, packing design and so on. There are hardly doubts that our daily life is inundated with designs. Designers are the people whose main task is to involve all their knowledge along with ingenuity for creating unique and versatile designs. Along with development of various technologies, increase of level of lives, social standards, people pay more attention to the ways different things look like; and the designer’s profession is becoming more and more popular. This is the reason, why virtual currency is emerging. The design of this currency is made especially for designers. It was issued by an imaginary bank, which is called â€Å"Bank of Design†, belonging to the imaginary world called â€Å"Creative World†.Inspiration is one of the key parts in design process, be ing at the same time the most important thing to designers. In the design process â€Å"finding inspiration is generally an important early step† (Dazkir et al. 2). However, â€Å"gathering sources of inspiration costs time and money† (Eckert 1) and sometimes it is extremely hard to generate a really good idea. The decline of inspiration is the worst situation for any designer.   For a designer, the absence of the ideas is a disastrous situation. According to Eckert and Stacy’s article, sources of inspiration are very important to designers because they â€Å"play a number of important roles in design thinking, as definitions of context, triggers for idea generation, and as anchors for structuring designers’ mental representations of designs† (525). Thus, this virtual currency is designed for trading inspirations. When designers have no ideas, they can use this currency to get inspirations. The creation of this currency would for sure be a kind o f good news for the designers.The design of the bill was made up with the help of Photoshop. The background is created by Gradient Tool and â€Å"Blur† in Filter. A figure which represents the value of the currency is placed above the layer of background. The figure on the front of the currency is holding a digital tablet and looks like drawing something on it. According to the survey that Samrtpress.com conducted on some graphic designers, the results prove that one of graphic designers’ favorite tool is Wacom tablet. Therefore, digital tablet can be seen as a symbol of designer. The survey mentioned above also shows that Adobe creative suite is an essential part of graphic designers. On the back of the currency there is a figure viewed from behind.   This image presents a combination of a real photograph and Photoshop. The figure is drawing. The brush markers â€Å"draw† made by the figure, are actually created by the brush tool in Photoshop. This is what de signers always do. Then, in order to let the figure and background merge harmoniously, the figure’s saturation was adjusted. The bottom of the figure was made transparent via using â€Å"Feather† effect. There is a layer of black twill on the top and it makes the figure and background seem as a whole.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   After that, the whole image was placed into Illustrator. It is mainly used for designing of the Guillochà © pattern and placing of the texts in Illustrator. Guillochà © is an important part of currency. According to Wikipedia, these patterns are always used nowadays as security seals with the aim to â€Å"protect against forged copies†. The design of this currency applies different Guillochà © patterns. Firstly, in the background of both of the two sides, there are some random patterns with light colors. These patterns are parts of a big Guillochà ©. In Eckert’s article, he indicated that â€Å"Designers look for repeat patterns, ornamen ts, and motifs† and patterns are always provide source of inspiration to designers (4). Thus, these patterns in background are not only for decoration, but also serve for representing of the inspiration. At the same time they could be viewed as creative juices. The lines are flowing just like the human thoughts. Secondly, there is a big pattern on the obverse side. The denomination of this bill was placed on the top of this pattern because this pattern is the most outstanding one. Next, on the right of the reverse side there also a Guillochà © pattern. This one is smaller than the pervious one and is not as complex as the one on the obverse side. Finally, a small Guillochà © pattern appeared on both the front and back sides. These two patterns are also used as a foil to the denomination.The layouts of texts also play an important role for the currency. In addition to the denomination, this currency also includes some other items and all of them are necessary. Due to the fact that this is a fictional currency, the meaning, it conveys, should be clear. There two â€Å"Ten Inspirations† on the front of the currency, one is on the top left side, another is on the right side. â€Å"Ten Inspirations† shows what the bill symbolizes. â€Å"Bank of Design† is the name of the bank and â€Å"Creative World† is the place, where the bill was issued; both of these two items could be seen on the left. The signature of the creator is inside the semi-circle on the left and a serial number appears in the lower right corner. There are the same texts on the back side but their layout differs.Color is another important element in the design of currency, application of harmony colors in a design will â€Å"convey a sense of unity and stability† (Martinson and Waldron 211). This virtual currency will use different colors in different denominations and this would simplify the process of distinguishing between them for people. Each denominat ion uses some limited palette. For example, the â€Å"ten inspiration† mainly uses purple and pink tones. The texts and patterns also use the same tone colors. All these elements show the consistency in design.  Ã‚  Ã‚   Designer is a great career, the designer’s work involves creating of beauty and they also design some useful things, which bring great conveniences to our life. Creativity is crucial for their successful work and certainly there is a strong need in the source of inspiration, which â€Å"plays an important role in the design process, in increasing creativity† (Mete 278). Although this virtual currency is not real, it still has the chance to have positive impact upon formation of the new ideas, which are so vitally important for any designer.

About Mary Dyer, Quaker Martyr

About Mary Dyer, Quaker Martyr Mary Dyer was a  Quaker martyr in colonial Massachusetts. Her execution, and the religious freedom initiatives taken in memory of that, make her a key figure in American religious freedom history.   She was hanged on  June 1, 1660. Mary Dyer Biography Mary Dyer was born in England in about 1611, where she married William Dyer. They emigrated to the Massachusetts colony in about 1635, the year they joined a Boston church. Mary Dyer sided with Anne Hutchinson  and her mentor and brother-in-law, Rev. John Wheelwright, in the Antinomian controversy, which challenged the doctrine of salvation by works as well as challenging  the authority of the church leadership .   Mary Dyer lost her franchise in 1637 for her support of their ideas.   When Anne Hutchinson was expelled from church membership, Mary Dyer withdrew from the congregation. Mary Dyer had given birth to a stillborn child the fall before she left the church, and neighbors speculated that that the child had been deformed as divine punishment for her disobedience. In 1638, William and Mary Dyer moved to Rhode Island, and William helped found Portsmouth.   The family thrived. In 1650, Mary accompanied Roger Williams and John Clarke to England, and William joined her in 1650. She remained in England until 1657 after William returned in 1651.   In these years, she became a Quaker, influenced by George Fox. When Mary Dyer returned to the colony in 1657, she came through Boston, where the Quakers were outlawed. She was arrested and jailed, and her husbands plea led to her release. He had not yet converted, so he was not arrested.   Then she went to New Haven, where she was expelled for preaching about Quaker ideas.   In 1659, two English Quakers were jailed for their faith in Boston, and Mary Dyer went to visit them and to bear witness. She was jailed and then banished on September 12. She returned with other Quakers to defy the law, and was arrested and convicted. Two of her comrades, William Robinson, and Marmaduke Stevenson,   were hanged, but she received a last-minute reprieve when her son William petitioned for her.   Again, she was banished to Rhode Island.  She returned to Rhode Island, then traveled to Long Island. On May 21, 1660, Mary Dyer  returned to Massachusetts to again defy the anti-Quaker law and protest the theocracy that could limit Quakers from that territory. She was again convicted.   This time, her sentence was carried out the day after her conviction. She was offered her freedom if she would leave and remain out of Massachusetts, and she refused.    On June 1, 1660, Mary Dyer was hanged for refusing to comply with anti-Quaker laws in Massachusetts. Mary and William Dyer had seven children. Her death is credited with inspiring Rhode Islands Charter of 1663 granting religious freedom, which is in turn credited with inspiring part of the First Amendment in the Bill of Rights added to the Constitution in 1791. Dyer is now honored with a statue at The State House in Boston. Bibliography The Antinomian Controversy, 1636 - 1638: A Documentary History. David D. Hall, editor.Ingle, H. Larry. First Among Friends: George Fox and the Creation of Quakerism Mary Dyer: Biography of a Rebel Quaker.Larson, Rebecca. Daughters of Light: Quaker Women Preacher and Prophesying in the Colonies and Abroad, 1700-1775Plimpton, Ruth T. Mary Dyer: Biography of a Rebel Quaker

Ottoman and Safavid Empires Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Ottoman and Safavid Empires - Essay Example Powerbase The solid powerbase is an important factor that legitimized the rule of the Ottoman and Safavid empires. They owed much of their power to the empire created by the Mongols previously as well as the political institutions that allowed for the achievement of the "military patronage state" wherein government functioned like a great military family that serve as protector of the country and its culture. The Ottoman Empire is the greater beneficiary of these Mongol legacies. Nonetheless, what can be seen here is that the prevailing political environment was already stable, systematic and influential. All it took was strong leadership to take advantage of all the policy network available as well as the existence of an effective bureaucracy that has been established long before. This last factor is particularly helpful in the case of weak Sultan who is incapable of protecting his subjects by himself. The bureaucracy assumed great powers and centralized authority that a weak leader could rule just effectively, taking authority and power from the many branches of his government (Karpat 2002, 400) Holy Mandate Another important legitimizing force for the powerbase of the Ottoman and the Safavid empires was religion - the Islamic values and laws. ... The Safavids also benefited from religion in this manner. In fact, Islam is their primary claim to authority. The primary authority of the Safavid rulers was based on the claim that the they were descendants of the seventh imam, and therefore were quasi-divine persons (Lapidus 2002, 445). Unlike the Ottomans, who benefitted in combining religious and secular approach in governance, the Safavids went as far as establishing a religious establishment that eventually used to eliminate opposition to the government and the ruler. For this purpose, Shah Ismail founded Shi'ism built up the ranks of the Shi'i ulama, which ruthlessly suppressed rivals of the state and the religious order. Shah Ismail successfully made his subjects think that he and his heirs, being descendants, of the Seventh Imam, Muza al-Kazim, were his reincarnations on earth (The Empire of the Heartlands reference 64). This cemented the authority of the Shah, becoming the head both of the state and of religion, being the T welfth Imam, in the flesh. In addition, the Safavid rulers also carefully cultivated historic images of previous glorious Persian past such as manuscript illuminations, architecture, and court literature of Iranian kings of kings (Khoury and Kostiner 1990, 36). This recall of past glory and Persian forms of monarchy strengthened the religious authority of the Safavid leaders so that they were able to consolidate power and maintain it without significant opposition from the people. In the 13th century, for example, the leadership encouraged the theory that the Safavid founder Husain married the daughter of Yazdigird III, the last Sassanian king, effectively linking the house of Ali to the Iranian monarchical tradition (Empires of the Heartland reference, 47). The Ottomans also organized

Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 4

Communication - Essay Example Here, the authors provide detailed information about how effectively communication can be used in strengthening a healthier interpersonal communication. I would like to concur with the argument that effective interpersonal communication is a very important skill which everyone should possess. As they explain, it can be of a great benefit in determining how conducive an environment is. In conclusion, Steven and Susan are very accurate in the manner they discuss about communication. The whole chapter is equipped with viable information which can be of great importance when understanding exactly what communication is. As the authors emphasize, it is crucial for everyone to have listening skills. In fact, this is the most fundamental skill which everyone should have. Once they can learn to listen to one another, it will be much possible for them to understand one another and be able to speak in one voice as they strive to accomplish a common

Center for Medicare & Medicaid Services Term Paper

Center for Medicare & Medicaid Services - Term Paper Example Center for Medicare & Medicaid Services The people that need these services are directly affected when the health sector is not up to their task (Thorpe and Cascio, 2013). Therefore, it is in the best interests of the health care sector to guarantee it has contained all its challenges and setbacks in ensuring the public is getting the much needed services without delay. The stagnating problem in the health care sector is provision of high quality services that are affordable by all the people in the region. According to the recent statistics, many people find it hard to afford the health care services and in most cases, they have to struggle in acquiring such services (Elliott, 2012). They have constrained budgets and have to minimize these budgets to continue living. As such, some people find it a prudent idea to forego healthcare services as they find these resources useful in other needy situations. This is a repulsive problem in many populations that find health care services expensive (Shortell, Casalino and Fisher, 2010). Similarly, there is a stagnating problem when governing bodies try to improve the quality of health care and delivery of these services. The health care is marred with costs that are increasing with every move they take to improve the delivery of health care services (Rogers, 2006). As such, the healthcare sector is in a biza rre situation where it is trying to reduce costs in delivering affordable health care, but on the other hand, the costs keep bulging due to the need to improve the service delivery. (CMS Innovation Center, 2012). How Addressed by ACA The ACA created the centre for Medicare and Medicaid innovation to deal with the issue. The institution is crafted for the ostensible reason of perfecting health care delivery and focusing on the payment systems (The Center for Medicare and Medicaid, 2012). Similarly, the institution is mandated to support care coordination in the health care sector and enhancing professional practice in healthcare. This institution was instated to deal with the menace of high spending in the health care sector while dealing with provision of high quality services. There are various approaches that are used by the CMS (Sharamotaro, 2011). First, it was to test the delivery and payment models in the institutions which would be used to measure the improvement in service d elivery. Secondly, the institutions considered relaxing some laws that were governing relationships in the financial sector especially directed towards the providers (Cosgrove, 2012). Thirdly, there was waiving of some acts in order to enhance testing. Some of the acts that were affected include the social security act. Pros and Cons There is both positivity and negativity in the approach taken by the institution. To begin with, there is positivity in that many people will have access to affordable medical care. The people that need these services will only spend part of their income in acquiring high quality healthcare services (Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, 2012). Secondly, there is positivity in that people will have access to high quality services that are provided in the institution (Baron, 2012). Many institutions will step up

Human Resource management in the Hotel Industry Research Paper - 1

Human Resource management in the Hotel Industry - Research Paper Example The baby boomer turnover ratio varies from organization to organization from high to low; particularly in the hospitality industry the ratio is volatile and affects the overall costs for various companies. High baby boomer turnover ratio can extensively increase the financial implications and performance of a company (O’Dell & Hubert, 2011). Unswerving expenses include staffing, selection, and preparation of new recruits. Much time and costs go to these processes. Circumlocutory expenses include such things as added workloads and overtime costs for coworkers, in addition reduced efficiency associated with small employee self-esteem. According to Levin (2008), there are various probable causes for high baby boomer turnover ratio. Area economic background, and employment market conditions shape general turnover tariffs, and sometimes can be complex to manage. Nevertheless, certain causes related to baby boomer turnover ratio in whichever definite hospitality job or company can be managed. These may include such things as non-competitive payments, high nervous tension, poor working environment, repetitiveness, poor management, lack of communication between the employee and the job, inadequate preparation, and lack of effective communication practices in the company or organization. For hotels human resource management to develop a retention plan, numerous steps ought to be taken into account. First, there is need to asses the modern situations, and measure the baby boomers turnover ratio in their organization. The turnover ratio is always calculated by dividing the quantity of yearly terminations by the average quantity of workers in the work force (Klug, 2009). An organization should also measure the expenses involved in the turnover ratio, develop withholding strategies, and arrange for expected turnover ratio volatility, in the dynamic workforce traditions. Employers are obliged to

Employees Job satisfaction in Pakistan banking sector Essay

Employees Job satisfaction in Pakistan banking sector - Essay Example s not feel like his job is contributing anything to his growth or the organization; he also feels that the job is not in tandem with his ideals and values for work anymore. The problem with Salim was that he was not feeling ‘job satisfaction’ anymore. To elucidate this concept, I carried out research into different resources including journals, magazines, websites and books. Job satisfaction is the consequence that one feels ‘from the perception that one’s job fulfils or allows the fulfillment of one’s important job values† (Henne & Locke 222). These job values are individualistic in nature therefore when one job satisfies person A, it is not unlikely that the same job will not satisfy person B. This is because their definitions of what their job values are and how the current job is fulfilling them is quite different. To understand what constitutes job satisfaction, I looked into the work of Saleh & Hyde who say that job satisfaction is the combined result of ‘intrinsic’ and extrinsic’ factors (47): intrinsic factors include things like the kind of work performed, sense of achievement and responsibility associated with it, development of new skill and maturing of the mind; extrinsic factors are more tangible such as the work environment and ambience, salary and bonuses, rewards and promotions, job security and interpersonal relationships developed. Saleh and Hyde found that the people who are more intrinsically motivated are able to gain higher levels of satisfaction (52). The study correlated the intrinsic values to the theory of activation where a certain activation level, which is devoid of external factors, determines how positively or negatively – in turn satisfied or dissatisfied – the individual feels towards any stimulus. Authors Saleh and Hyde write that simple jobs provide lesser stimulation to reach the activation level (52) and thus, will likely take harder to reach the threshold for satisfaction; this explains why a new job is

External auditing has changed to accommodate the changes in corporate Essay

External auditing has changed to accommodate the changes in corporate governance in the UK and other countries such as South Africa, Australia, US, India and China - Essay Example days as to how the level of trust can be improved in our communities in regards to the governance bodies of companies, aboriginal communities and charitable corporation. While there are many debates that are presently in progress, the most important ones are playing out in global communities, with other companies taking lead from there (Demb & Neubauer 2002, pp.9). By understanding the different point of views and underlying rationales can help the board of directors to develop practices and policies that improve the governance of their organization and thus improve community’s trust in the organisations leadership. (Conti & Warner 2006, pp. 12). This paper is based on good corporate governance that should be adopted by all the companies and the role of different mechanisms of corporate governance. Furthermore, evaluation of the importance of corporate governance, its pros and cons and analysis has also been discussed. The process by which direction is given to the organization i known as corporate governance. With regards to this, control is implemented on the company and it is held to account. Therefore, it can be said that factors such as accountability, leadership, authority, direction, stewardship are controlled by corporate governance when control is implemented in an organization. The reason why the definition seems balanced is because it ensures that the checks and balances are employed during the process. This is the reason why it can be considered as a comprehensive definition with regards to corporate governance. The aim of implementing corporate governance is to attract the investors as well as the managers to ensure that the companies care about the profits that are generated. Moreover, it also develops a relationship between the internal governance mechanisms of the organization as well as the idea of the community with regards to corporate accounting. Therefore, corporate governance increases the confidence of the investors and to facilitate the

Human Resource management in the Hotel Industry Research Paper - 1

Human Resource management in the Hotel Industry - Research Paper Example The baby boomer turnover ratio varies from organization to organization from high to low; particularly in the hospitality industry the ratio is volatile and affects the overall costs for various companies. High baby boomer turnover ratio can extensively increase the financial implications and performance of a company (O’Dell & Hubert, 2011). Unswerving expenses include staffing, selection, and preparation of new recruits. Much time and costs go to these processes. Circumlocutory expenses include such things as added workloads and overtime costs for coworkers, in addition reduced efficiency associated with small employee self-esteem. According to Levin (2008), there are various probable causes for high baby boomer turnover ratio. Area economic background, and employment market conditions shape general turnover tariffs, and sometimes can be complex to manage. Nevertheless, certain causes related to baby boomer turnover ratio in whichever definite hospitality job or company can be managed. These may include such things as non-competitive payments, high nervous tension, poor working environment, repetitiveness, poor management, lack of communication between the employee and the job, inadequate preparation, and lack of effective communication practices in the company or organization. For hotels human resource management to develop a retention plan, numerous steps ought to be taken into account. First, there is need to asses the modern situations, and measure the baby boomers turnover ratio in their organization. The turnover ratio is always calculated by dividing the quantity of yearly terminations by the average quantity of workers in the work force (Klug, 2009). An organization should also measure the expenses involved in the turnover ratio, develop withholding strategies, and arrange for expected turnover ratio volatility, in the dynamic workforce traditions. Employers are obliged to

External auditing has changed to accommodate the changes in corporate Essay

External auditing has changed to accommodate the changes in corporate governance in the UK and other countries such as South Africa, Australia, US, India and China - Essay Example days as to how the level of trust can be improved in our communities in regards to the governance bodies of companies, aboriginal communities and charitable corporation. While there are many debates that are presently in progress, the most important ones are playing out in global communities, with other companies taking lead from there (Demb & Neubauer 2002, pp.9). By understanding the different point of views and underlying rationales can help the board of directors to develop practices and policies that improve the governance of their organization and thus improve community’s trust in the organisations leadership. (Conti & Warner 2006, pp. 12). This paper is based on good corporate governance that should be adopted by all the companies and the role of different mechanisms of corporate governance. Furthermore, evaluation of the importance of corporate governance, its pros and cons and analysis has also been discussed. The process by which direction is given to the organization i known as corporate governance. With regards to this, control is implemented on the company and it is held to account. Therefore, it can be said that factors such as accountability, leadership, authority, direction, stewardship are controlled by corporate governance when control is implemented in an organization. The reason why the definition seems balanced is because it ensures that the checks and balances are employed during the process. This is the reason why it can be considered as a comprehensive definition with regards to corporate governance. The aim of implementing corporate governance is to attract the investors as well as the managers to ensure that the companies care about the profits that are generated. Moreover, it also develops a relationship between the internal governance mechanisms of the organization as well as the idea of the community with regards to corporate accounting. Therefore, corporate governance increases the confidence of the investors and to facilitate the

F. Scott Fitzgerald and Gatsby Essay Example for Free

F. Scott Fitzgerald and Gatsby Essay It is invariably saddening to look through new eyes at things upon which you have expended your own powers of adjustment.( F.Scott Fitzgerald 104) Nick talks about how he looks at life with a new perspective and tries to abandoned â€Å"the West Egg† concept of â€Å"a world complete in itself, with its own standards its own great figures†. When he look at daisy, he explains that he could feel daisy’s pain and suffering by just looking into her eyes. So the significance of this quote is that nick is looking beyond the gilts and glamour of society so that he may see the true identity of people- as with Daisy. Later on, Nick will use this skill to find the true answer of whom Gatsby is . â€Å"The truth was that Jay Gatsby, of West Egg, Long Island, sprang from his Platonic conception of himself. He was a son of God—a phrase which, if it means anything, means just that—and he must be about His Father’s business, the service of a vast, vulgar, and meretricious beauty. So he invented just the sort of Jay Gatsby that a seventeen year old boy would be likely to invent, and to this conception he was faithful to the end.†(F.Scott Fitzgerald 98) -Nick describes Gatsby’s early life using a comparison between Gatsby and Jesus to reveal Gatsby’s identity. In the Great Gatsby, Gatsby transforms himself into the ideal that he envisioned for himself a Platonic conception of himself as a youngster and remains committed to that ideal, despite the obstacles that society presents to the fulfillment of his dream. He wanted nothing less of Daisy than that she should go to Tom and say: â€Å"I never loved you.† After she had obliterated four years with that sentence they could decide upon the more practical measures to be taken. (F.Scott Fitzgerald 109) -Gatsby is frustrated at daisy for being a cowardly woman who doesn’t stand up for her. He believes its time for her to take action but Gatsby also realizes that it’s impractical. Gatsby would like to put everything back how it was in the past, but Daisy has moved on from the past into the present. â€Å"His heart beat faster and faster as Daisy’s white face came up to his own. He knew that when he kissed this girl, and forever wed his unutterable visions to her perishable breath, his mind would never romp again like the mind of God. So he waited, listening for a moment longer to the tuning-fork that had been struck upon a star. Then he kissed her. At his lips’ touch she blossomed for him like a flower and the incarnation was complete.†(F.Scott Fitzgerald111) -Gatsby opens up to Nick and tell a memorable event between Gatsby and Daisy. This is one of the times were he actually gives information about his past that is true and Nick is surprised and hears Gatsby through. Gatsby longs for the past and revisions the event where he and daisy first kissed. Gatsby fantasies about the past, believing that Daisy is the same girl he kissed many years ago. â€Å"But his heart was in a constant, turbulent riot. The most grotesque and fantastic conceits haunted him in his bed at night. A universe of ineffable gaudiness spun itself out in his brain while the clock ticked on the wash-stand and the moon soaked with wet light his tangled clothes upon the floor. Each night he added to the pattern of his fancies until drowsiness closed down upon some vivid scene with an oblivious embrace. For a while these reveries provided an outlet for his imagination; they were a satisfactory hint of the unreality of reality, a promise that the rock of the world was founded securely on a fairy’s wing.†(Scott Fitzgerald 99) Gatsby is a man who seems to have it all but in reality is troubled by one-sided love. The one thing he doesnt have is what he needs most to fulfill him is Daisy. At night, these thoughts both torment and comfort him. The beauty of this passage is Fitzgeralds use of both negative and positive imagery to illustrate the conflict in Gatsbys thoughts. The imagery of the rock and fairy’s wing just elaborates Gatsby’s view of his world is crumbling apart; something like a rock is a strong foundation has flew away so easily like a fairy. Very much like the difference between Gatsbys real world and what he wishes for himself. Chapter 7 Her voice is full of money, he said suddenly.†¨That was it. I’d never understood before. It was full of money — that was the inexhaustible charm that rose and fell in it, the jingle of it, the cymbals’ song of it high in a white palace the king’s daughter, the golden girl. (Scott Fitzgerald 120) Gatsby is shocked and confused why Daisy is all about money. He doesn’t even wonder why she married Tom. So Fitzgerald adds in dialogues as a hint to fill in the missing gaps and to show Gatsby who Daisy was and is. Tom allows Daisy to ride with Gatsby because he knows she wont choose Gatsby over him. Gatsby can’t let go of the Daisy, not because of the relationship now but what they had; back in the past were he was a poor kid in the army who got this beautiful rich girl to fall in love with him. â€Å"There is no confusion like the confusion of a simple mind, and as we drove away Tom was feeling the hot whips of panic. His wife and his mistress, until an hour ago secure and inviolate, were slipping precipitately from his control.†(Scott Fitzgerald 125) This quote reveals that Tom is getting frustrated and shocked because of the accident. He feels as though he is losing control over both women, Daisy and Myrtle. You could see the signs of tension between Gatsby and Tom when they get into a verbal argument of some sort. Tom needs control and when he doubts his control, over a situation or another person, he cant handle it. With every word she was drawing further and further into herself, so he gave that up, and only the dead dream fought on as the afternoon slipped away, trying to touch what was no longer tangible, struggling unhappily, despairingly, toward that lost voice across the room.†(Scott Fitzgerald 134) -As she spoke, he became more and more aware that Daisy would never be his. The dream that he once had of them being together slipped away. He was becoming forced to realize the truth even though he somehow wished it was different. â€Å"So we drove on toward death in the cooling twilight†¦.† Nick: ‘â€Å"Was Daisy driving?†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Gatsby: ‘â€Å"Yes, but of course I’ll say I was.†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (Scott Fitzgerald 137-143). Fitzgerald placed the first quote as a foreshadowing of Myrtle’s death. I don’t understand why Gatsby and the other characters mourn for Myrtle, they act if it was just a normal day by day event. It’s interesting how Gatsby spoke as if Daisy’s reaction was the only thing that mattered. â€Å"He put his hands in his coat pockets and turned back eagerly to his scrutiny of the house, as though my presence marred the sacredness of the vigil. So I walked away and left him standing there in the moonlight — watching over nothing.†(Scott Fitzgerald 145) -Before the trip into the city and the accident, Gatsby was convinced that Daisy was in love with him and would without a doubt leave Tom for him. When he watches Daisy and Tom in the kitchen, the reality of the situation is starting to hit him. Ever since he and Daisy fell apart when she married Tom, he has entirely devoted his life to getting wealth to impress Daisy and win her back. He has devoted his whole life and heart to this woman, and so as he watches her slipping away from him again, he knows nothing more than to return to his vigil over the woman that has controlled his life.

The Islam And Christian Holy War Religion Essay

The Islam And Christian Holy War Religion Essay For centuries Christians and Muslims have fiercely engaged in wars because they believed they will be rewarded by God for waging war in his name. In recent times we have become very familiar with the Jihad; as the media has covered this topic extensively after the September 11 attack that took place in the United States. This act of terror made the Islamic community a focal point of the media, which educated the populace on the violence of Islam or as they choose to call it Holy War. The truth is that, Islam is not the only religion that has committed violence in the name of God. Christianity also has its history of violence and Holy Wars, they were called the Crusades. The reasons for the Crusades were; to free fellow Christians from incursion and discrimination, Conquering lands in the possessed by other religions and fulfilling promises to partake in a crusade. Today we refer to Holy wars as Killing in Gods name, but war and religion have gone hand in hand for centuries. People go to battle after praying and making sacrifices to God, making them believe that God is on their side because they are fighting for his cause. An example is when Joshua destroyed the Anakites in the Bible. Involving God in such violent acts is not supposed to make a war holy. In the past few centuries, since the first crusades began to recapture the holy land from the Muslims Saracens, holy wars between these two religions have evolved along different paths. In the Christians context, we see a gradual decline in violence, the opposite is witnessed in Islam, and there have been a few recent cases of killing in the name of religion in Islam, the September 11 attack is one of the most serious in recent time. Islam is the fastest growing religion in the world and today it is amongst the religions with the highest amount of believers. The Jihad played a vital role in this rapid growth of Islam. Battles that were fought and won over a large geographical area, the captives were either converted by the sword or willingly changed to the religion of the army that conquered them. Fight in the cause of Allah those who fight you but do not transgress limitsAnd slay them wherever ye catch them. And turn them out from where they have turned you out; for persecution is worse than slaughter; but fight them not at the sacred Mosque unless they (first) fight you there; but if they fight you, slay them. Such is the reward of those who reject faith. But if they cease, Allah is oft-forgiving, most Merciful. And fight them on until there is no more persecution. And the religion becomes Allahs. But if they cease, let there be no hostility except to those who practice oppression (The Quran, Surah 2:190-193). The Quran is the holy book of Islam; the above quote is from the Quran it encourages the Holy war. Partly this explains the numerous battles the Muslims were involved in few centuries ago, fortunately in modern times the Jihad is no longer carried on a large scale as compared to the past but there are still some exceptional cases. The Hadith is another important book in Islam and it is second to the Quran. The Hadith contains the sayings and activities of the Prophet Muhammad and he encourages the Jihad, saying that anyone who dies fighting for Allah will be rewarded, by going to paradise. Many of these sayings have been interpreted in different ways and people have acted according to these interpretations which have lead to brutality and wars. Although in this modern age, with the help of globalization and westernization the frequency and scale of religious wars have declined over time. However, a small percentage of Muslims, the extremists and anti -western ones still dwell on the verses in the Quran that talk about war, conflict and violence. This is what has lead to terrorism and suicide bombings in recent times. In addition, the duty of all Muslims is to do the utmost against those who do not believe in Allah, this was meant for nearest enemies of Muslims but as more Foes arose with time, the statements supporting the Jihad were updated. The Muslims are acting according to what they read in their Holy books, most do not feel remorseful for whatever damage they have caused because they believe this are divine instructions of the holy book. Today we do not hesitate to link the word Jihad which means struggle in Arabic to Terrorism, especially after the September 11 attacks. Religious wars and violence happen in some other countries like Nigeria which is one of the most religious countries in the world. In Nigeria, Muslims and Christians clash frequently, fighting and rioting over one problem or the other, but yet the opposing religion knows very little about each others believes. Religious wars in Nigeria are fueled by ignorance, tribalism, poverty, politics and struggle for power. Another cou ntry that has experienced religious war this modern time is India; with a high population of Hindu, a small number of Muslims and a few Christians. Approximately hundred Christians were killed in a recent religious battles and another ten thousand left without a roofs over their head, telling us that religious wars may have reduced but still occurs in some societies. Furthermore, there are two forms of Jihad the greater and lesser Jihad. Internal Jihad or greater Jihad means the battle of believers to live their Muslim faith as the Quran instructs. This explanation is consequently, after a battle the prophet said We are finished with the lesser jihad; now we are starting the greater jihad. He explained to his followers that fighting against an outer enemy is the lesser jihad and fighting against ones self is the greater jihad. This means that the lesser Jihad will refer to the struggle against Unbelievers. (Heck) Muslims put in great effort to live the way Allah instructed them, the personal Jihad has to do with the teachings while the Jihad against unbelievers is the Practical. However, some scholars find the Quran teachings of morality and encouragement of violence very contradictory. Many historians believe that the true meaning of Lesser Jihad does not necessary encourage fighting and brutality but states that Muslim should take a stand for their religion only when Islam is threatened. The misinterpretation of the lesser jihad, as a cause or reason to fight and engage in violence and brutality does not make it holy. If Islam is not threatened and Muslims wage war against non-believers then this cannot be referred to as Lesser Jihad. Over the years various people have interpreted the Quran, their interpretations were influenced by the struggles that they were experiencing at that time. Factors such as oppression, depression, anger, suffering, hunger for power, hatred and other factors have influenced the interpreters perception of the scriptures. For instance, the Taliban strict and extreme version of Islam has even made other Muslim countries view the Ta liban with suspicion. Osama Bin Laden, the leader of the terrorist group Al Qaeda has quoted the Quran on several occasions to justify their violent actions on the west. Political leaders use religion to convince and justify their selfish desires. Using religion makes their argument convincing because they twist and interpreted the scriptures to serve the purpose and believers easily embrace them and believe it is just. Al Qaeda has used suicide bombing as tactics for attacks and the Quran forbids this. (Burk) The Crusades By large, Christianity is a religion that preaches peace but the record of killings and destruction in the past is contradictory to its teachings. In the past, wars were fought against those who opposed Christianity; the wars were fought primarily against Muslims. This is because the rise of lslam slowed down and threatened spread of Christianity. lslam under the rule of the Umayyad Caliphate spread from what is now Saudi Arabia in the Arabian Peninsula to Spain and parts of France. This made lslam a treat to Christianity and the Catholic Church, which was very powerful during the medieval times. The Church had enough political backing to crush anything or anyone that disobeys or treating the beliefs of the Church. Scholars and historians have argued about the cause or reason for the crusades. Some say that the crusades were crucial reaction by Christians to the domination of pilgrims in Muslim-controlled Jerusalem. Others argue that it was political imperialism disguised by religiou s piousness. Furthermore, others say that it was a social liberation for societies that were overburdened by landless nobles. Whatever the reason, it does not change the fact that a lot of lives and property were lost in the process. The first Crusades were organized by Pope Urban II in 1095. His main aim was to take Jerusalem from the hands of those he believed were non believers. Pope Urban II helped lay the foundation for many years of bitter and violent fighting between Christianity and other religions. The Crusades were triggered by popes at that time like Pope Urban ll and Pope Eugene III who called for the second crusade. The Popes felt that the crusades were particularly their duty and under their motivation, even if some of the expeditions sometimes got out of control. They believed the crusades were Gods work and that they were His instruments. Urban at Clermont used the following words: I speak to those who are present, I shall proclaim it to the absent, but it is Christ who commands. Moreover, if those who set out thither lose their lives on the journey, by land or sea, or in fighting against the heathen, their sins shall be remitted in that hour; this I grant through the power of God vested in me. The Pope organized the crusades, deciding the time, participants and also presents privileges to those that partook and threatened them with exile to all that do not realize their vow. (Dana) The crusades were used as a means of reclaiming the lost lands of Christians and acquiring more power for the Church. The age of the crusades was from 1905-1291 CE. In total, there were either eight or nine Crusades, depending on your view. Most historians consider the 9th Crusade to be part of the 8th. It was not only believers of other religions that suffered persecution, some Christians also suffered. Church theologians or leaders dealt with anybody who followed another religion or come up with rational thoughts that threatened Christian beliefs an example is the case of Galileo. Galileos teachings during the 17th century threatened the geocentric view of the universe. He said that the earth revolved around the sun. The church maintained that the earth was stationary and the sun and heavenly bodies revolved around it and this was an accepted fact. Thus were Galileos claims, labeled as the ranting of a heretic and he was confronted by the church leaders and told to recant his theory or face the consequences. The crusades also helped the Church and Popes acquire much wealth, with Crusaders freely giving to the Church before embarking on their journey. Crusaders were frequently taxed and this was handled by the Church. Consequently, the Popes became much more powerful, mainly because of their control over the appointment of the officials. (Dana) Heresy easily spread because of increasing mistrust of the Church, due to many reasons. For instance, all teachings in England, France and Germany had been carried out by the clerics and the crusaders discovered that they were continuously lied to. Others learnt that they misinformation, and began to doubt. The political crusades brought discredit and dishonor upon the Church and the Popes. Many men realized that they were being us ed and the Popes were using their power for worldly ends. In the thirteenth century it became more difficult to persuade men to take the Cross and fight.(Dana) In any case, there has been more recent violence attached to Christianity. Right after the civil war in the United States, the protestant-led white supremacist Ku Klux Klan members engaged in destruction of property, cross burning, beating, arson, murder rape and whipping against Jew, Catholics and African Americans and other social ethnic minorities. These are grave crimes exhibiting extreme violence and brutality. The mission of the Ku Klux Klan is to reestablish protestant Christian view in the United States. They believed that Jesus was the first Klansman. (Robert) They exhibited pure Christian radicalism. Similarly, the Arm of God (AOD) is an underground Christian terrorist organization active in the United States. This group has been involved in anti-abortion violence such as murder, property crimes and kidnapping. All these organization believe they are fighting for the morals of their religion and in the name of God. (Windle) Social Ramification Consequently, religious violence has lead to religious and ethnic profiling in society. The recent terrorist attacks have found to be rooted to religion and ethnicity thus causing countries to use profiling as a context for law enforcement and counter terrorism. Profiling can be defined as the use of racial, religious or ethnic stereotypes, rather than individual behavior, as a basis for making law enforcement and investigative decisions about who has been or may be involved in criminal activity. The global generalizations about a particular ethnic or religious groups propensity to commit a crime has made life difficult for people with certain ethnicity or religion. Society begins to look at such people as potential threats and this has negatively affects their daily lives at school, work and social interaction. Conclusion Finally, today religion is not considered an act of violence, Christians especially Catholics are not proud of the crusades that happened in the past. This point in history, are now looked upon as a dark period In Christianity. A group of Western Christians recently formed a body, their aim is to repair the damage caused by the crusades by apologizing to the other religions that were affected during that time. (Robin) But when have Christians demonstrated this love to Muslims or Jews? We have gone to them with swords and guns. We have gone to them with racism and hatred. We have gone to them with feelings of cultural superiority and economic domination. We have gone to them with colonialism and exploitation. We have even gone to them with the Gospel cloaked in arguments of superiority. Only a few have ever gone with the message of Calvary We must do more than carry the message; we must be the message. This kind of movement helps to show that Christians are not willing to carry out the crusade; no recent case has been heard. Todays Christians want to practice their religion without harming anybody. The same can be said for most Muslims, although some Muslims extremists are obsessed with fighting the west. As the study has shown religious violence was greatly influence my politics and selfishness desires of leaders. Over the course of time leaders have used religion as a tool and have twisted the word of God to suit their agenda and accomplish their desires. Without this influence, misinterpretation and deceit violence would have not been so wide spread in religion. Most religions preach God is of peace and we humans with our selfish ways have used religion as a way to control people and their beliefs. If we do not let our human imperfection influence the word of God and we follow the teaching of our scriptures diligently the world will be more peaceful. Ironically, our imperfection s are barely curable and even the greatest men fault. This is the paradox of life. Work Cited Baird-Windle, Patricia Bader, Eleanor J., (2001), Targets of Hatred: Anti-Abortion Terrorism, New York, St. Martins Press B.A Robins Christian apology for the Crusades: The Reconciliation Walk Religious Tolerance.org. 2005-NOV-04. Web. 3 April 2011 Dana C. The Popes and the Crusades Munro Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society Vol. 55, No. 5 (1916), pp. 348-356 JSTOR. Web. 3 April 2011 Josh Burek and James Norton A world-renowned scholar explains key points of Islam. Islamawareness.org. n.d. Web. 3 April 2011 Michael, Robert, and Philip Rosen. Dictionary of anti-Semitism from the earliest times to the present. Lanham, Maryland, USA: Scarecrow Press, 1997 p. 267. Paul Heck. Jihad Revisited The Journal of Religious Ethics Vol. 32, No. 1 (spring, 2004), pp. 95-128. JSTOR. Web 3 April 2011

Chris Tucker :: Biography Actor Essays

Chris Tucker The one and only â€Å"motor mouth,† Chris Tucker, is a great actor and cutting-edge comic who made it to stardom with his fast talking wise cracks. The sleek and slender 6’1† young African American was born in Atlanta, Georgia on August 31, 1972. Chris was the youngest of six children in his family; his parents were Norris and Mary Tucker. Norris Tucker owned his own family business, a carpet cleaning business. Chris used to work for his dad at the carpet cleaning shop so he could have some extra money to spend. The one thing that was very unusual about Chris was his loud and annoying voice. The one obstacle that set Chris apart from his brothers was his loud and annoying voice. He used that gift to get to where he is today. His parents retired from the carpet cleaning business due to their youngest son’s success in Hollywood. Chris Tucker’s personality and ability to make people laugh is what led him on his road to be a successful young African American actor. Being the youngest in the family was hard for Chris because he would always get pushed around and beat up by his brothers and friends. One day, he figured the only way to get his brothers and friends to stop beating him up was to make them laugh. Tucker said, â€Å"Out of necessity, I learned to make them laugh. If I did, they’d stop beating on me.† (Jam! Showbiz pg.9) By doing this, Chris felt he was on to something. So what Chris decided to do was to try the same jokes and tricks at school to get some attention and make classmates laugh, and it was a success. Tucker has found that his high-pitched voice and comedic style is one of his greatest assets. The only people that were not amused were the administrators and the teachers. His principle thought of him as a failure and the principle tried to end Tucker’s relationsh ip with his girlfriend. A great source of inspiration came one day for him when one of his teachers influenced Tucker to take his â€Å"wise-cracking antics to the stage and host the school’s talent shows.† (Tribut.ca pg1) In addition, his classmates impelled him to take his in class comedy routines on to the stage. After he heard everyone laughing a this jokes and when he blew away all of the competition at the school talent show, he decided then and there that is what he wanted to do for the rest of his life.

Essay --

By having adequately infrastructure local institutions trained and revitalized by peace building along with state building actors hatred speech can be controlled. On the other side institutions imposed by these external actors should not serve as permanent ones. Thus, external actors should persist in this role until institutions are capable to maintain it on their own. In this regard â€Å"creating institutional structures to manage potential pathological effects of media liberalization is a sensible strategy for promoting a free and responsible press†¦ mechanisms for self-regulation of the media should largely replace those operated by peace builders†.(Paris 2004:199). Paris sees as a key to strategy for better state building agenda, process of instutionalization before democratization and better control of free press trough local institutions.(Paris 2004:199). In accordance with above mentioned, position of institutions in state building process which, as elaborated, consist peace stabilization instruments and means to introduce new liberal approach is of crucial importance. Through example of free press regulation and control of discriminative speech, commonly present in countries emerging from conflicts, show in which way institutions could cut the root in this hazardous process and leveled the ground for new political process. Thus are all this indicators show that institutions might be the means from where the change should start in order to make it pervasive and appropriate for the state? Further chapter will discuss if certainly institutions are starting point in state building process. - Is institutionalization a solution- Institutions, as previously stated, are mechanism that can make democratic or any other political feat... ...ns should be taken as primary concern in state building process before any upcoming change. Arguing about democracy, it is seen as exogenous phenomena which certainly deems most appropriate political settlement for the country but according to above mentioned, it cannot operate without beforehand installation of good endogenous components-institutions. Recommendation that strikes from above mentioned is that at most basic level democracies and capitalism presuppose a functioning of state apparatus but in state building agenda which is oriented solely toward promotion of democratization and marketization in intuitionally weak post-conflict environments is counterproductive.(Paris 2004:205). Paris in this regard proposes strategy IBL that addresses to phenomenon of institutionalization, hence advantages of installing proper institutions before liberalizing the field.

Far From Feminism: A Doll’s House Essay

First performed in Denmark of 1879, â€Å"A Doll’s House† by Henrik Ibsen shocked Europe with its controversially courageous ideas. Although the play undeniably paints a sympathetic salutation to the plight of women during the 18th and 19th century, Ibsen repudiated the piece as being of solely feministic construct, declaring it a humanistic piece. In fact, when he was being honored by the Norwegian Society for Women’s Rights, Ibsen himself stressed that his general intent as a writer was not to solely bring light to the plight of women when he asserted that, â€Å"True enough, it is desirable to solve the woman problem, along with all the others; but that has not been the whole purpose. My task has been the description of humanity† (Ibsen Letters 337). Upon further examination, it becomes evident that the feminist ideals that are present in â€Å"A Doll’s House† culminate as merely a symptom of an all-encompassing epidemic. Through the characters of Torvald, Nora, Krogstad, and Christine, Ibsen underlines the lethality of a marriage diseased by societal pressure, and the hope of a union that is free from fallacy, yet by no means fault. Torvald is a caricature of the chauvinistic male products of the patriarchal prison that perpetuated throughout society in the 18th century. A result of embracing the role that society has assigned him, is the projection of those societal ideals onto his own environment. Unfortunately, society has misconstrued Torvald’s interpretation of love, and what it means to be a ‘good’ man/husband; he believes he loves his wife, but what he loves is the idea of her. He loves the idea of her as a dazzling doll that he can dress and disregard, or a child whom he can control and (pretend to) protect. Torvald reflects his assumptions of his wife’s inferiority in many ways: He refers to her as â€Å"Little Squirrel/Skylark/Songbird† (Ibsen 1352), he indicts her of â€Å"think[ing] and talk[ing] like a heedless child† (Ibsen 1401), and he accuses her of not â€Å"understand[ing] the conditions of the world in which [she] live[s]† (Ibsen 1400). These assumptions culminate in an insurmountable amount of irony. While Torvald accuses his wife of being ignorant to the world around her, it is he that is in fact unaware of the harsh realities of his life. During a time when Torvald became ill, Nora committed forgery of her father’s name to yield the necessary funds that permitted they travel to receive the medical attention required to save her husband’s life, an act that Nora fruitlessly fights to ensure remains unbeknownst to her husband. Additionally, Torvald is kept unaware of Dr. Rank’s impending death by both the doctor, and by his wife, Nora. Rank tells Nora, â€Å"Helmer’s refined nature gives him an unconquerable disgust at everything that is ugly† (Ibsen 1377), directly alluding to Torvald’s superficial nature and his inability to face the unpleasant realities of life. Thus, it is Torvald that does not â€Å"understand the conditions of the world in which [he] live[s]† (Ibsen 1400); however, his ignorance is not of his own doing. Further irony is offered to Torvald’s patronizing pet names for his wife. Torvald’s use of naturally elusive animals in reference to his obedient wife invokes images of unnaturally caged creatures, a reflection of Nora (and all women) as ‘caged’ within society’s assigned role to women as, and capable of, lesser than what Ibsen revolutionarily believed to be their actual worth and ability. The superficial standards of society have conditioned Torvald to believe that Nora depends on him (and thus, the more important he is), and that she, as a woman, is emotionally and mentally childlike (and thus, the stronger and wiser he is). Furthermore, Torvald casts himself a heroic role in his own fictional theatrical production when he tells Nora, â€Å"I have often wished that you might be threatened by some great danger, so that I might risk my life’s blood, and everything, for your sake† (Ibsen 1394). Torvald, enthralled by Nora’s dazzling demeanor, fantasizes about how he might rescue her from some great danger. However, shortly after his chivalrous charade, Torvald, having learned the details of Nora’s debt, has the opportunity to do just that, and fails miserably. Nora’s husband shows no appreciation for her intelligence or intention in performing an act that could have been avoided had Nora been capable of exceeding the superficial barriers imposed by society (such as attaining a credible career, or the ability to acquire a loan). Additionally, Torvald lacks even slight consideration of his wife’s feelings in light of the details of her loan, despite the fact that her actions saved his life. He rejects her as both a wife to him, and a mother for their children. Furthermore, he asserts that he wants her to remain in his house and pretend that all is well with their marriage asserting that â€Å"From this moment happiness is not the question; all that concerns us is to save the remains, the fragments, the appearance† (Ibsen 1396). Thus, Torvald’s harsh and selfish reaction to the insight of Nora’s crime is far from heroic, and prompts Nora’s revelation of her husband and marriage: â€Å"You don’t understand me, and I have never understood you either–before to-night† (Ibsen 1397). Ironically, Nora has also been at fault for deceiving her husband of her true nature prior to this proclamation. Nora, who has never lived alone–she went directly from the care of her father to that of her husband–has been conditioned to believe that a woman’s â€Å"happiness is dependent on the happiness of the head men in her life† (Northam 251). This belief results in a faà §ade that Nora fabricates and flaunts as an embodiment of a woman/wife consistent with the ideals of her father, husband, and society at large. As Torvald gently chides Nora throughout the play, Nora good-naturedly responds to, and even plays into, his criticisms. She has learnt to coax her husband into submission of what she asks by appealing to what she knows he finds desirable in her. Nora’s character shifts from initially struggling to define self-fulfillment, to the astoundingly audacious pursuance of it on conclusion. Ibsen carefully constructed the character of Nora so that her independence and precaution are consistently shown as persistently trying to outshine her adolescent-like dependence and unpredictability. Although her father, husband, and societal standards have perforated any practical understanding concerning gender roles, she has retained enough intrinsic wisdom to confront an emergency, perhaps an implication of Ibsen’s faith in the commendable innate characteristics of women at large. The fact that she confronts her and her husband’s inability to pay for treatment of her husband’s pressing illness by means of a forgery provides credence to her independence of thought; the carelessness of the act however, reflects her lack of sophistication. The collision of wisdom and childishness within Nora’s character enables her to test by experience the social hypothesis which declares that duties to the family are the most sacred. To her dismay, Nora realizes that despite her diligence towards her dues as both mother and wife, her marriage is not one of true love. Nora concludes the play with the world famous slam of the door as she releases herself from the infectious incubator in which she has so long been  entrapped by fault of her husband, society, and her own self-deception. She declares her right to tend to â€Å"other duties just as sacred†¦Duties to [her]self† (Ibsen 1399) in her flight to freedom. Subsequently, her conclusive and dramatic exodus offers Torvald a chance for liberation (and perhaps even redemption). When Torvald claims he has â€Å"it in [him] to become a different man† Nora responds, â€Å"Perhaps–if your doll is taken away from you† (Ibsen 1401). This is a direct implication of Nora’s realization not only of her own imprisonment, but also her insight regarding the contribution her role as Torvald’s doll has had towards her husband’s conditioning. This, in addition to her own self-realization, adds subtle yet substantial reinforcement to the humanistic nature of the play. Nils Krogstad, from whom Nora acquired the scandalous loan and has been blackmailed her since, is a character that can be reasonably stigmatized as a grade-A villain (A is for antagonist). However, although Krogstad undoubtedly uses some villainous tactics over the course of the play, there are in fact indications throughout that, underneath Krogstad’s villainous exterior, there is, at least to some degree, a respectable man who can then be recognized as another victim caught in the stranglehold of society. Krogstad’s former fiancà ©e, Mrs. Christine Linde had brutally severed her relationship with him when she was left fatherless, her brothers and ailing mother to care for, and without means for monetary support. Since a woman of the 18th century could not take out a loan, nor acquire a high-paying job, Christine’s circumstances necessitated that she marry a man with money. Eventually, Krogstad married and had children but when his wife passed away, he was left to raise and support his children alone. Under the pressure of his circumstances, Krogstad commits forgery, and is consequently viewed by the community as having a â€Å"diseased moral character† (Ibsen 1360). Thus, Christine’s rejection of Krogstad for a man whom could provide monetary support, combined with â€Å"society’s reaction to his petty crime performed to support his family out of reasonable desperation† (Hardwick 294), has programmed Krogstad to believe that to be a man worthy of a woman’s love or societal acceptance, he must be a man of flourishing financial standing, thus tragically fating him to a decade of self-suffering through petty crime and blackmail (Hardwick 294). When Christine’s brothers are grown, and her mother and husband have passed away, the newly independent, and, while of by  no easy means, self-sufficient Christine perpetually â€Å"found life profoundly depressing and aimless without the anchor of a husband and children† (Northam 252). Christine does not find happiness again until she reunites with Krogstad, telling him â€Å"I want to be a mother to someone, and your children need a mother. We two need each other† (Ibsen 1388). For a play that is often painted as a feminist paean, Christine’s proclamation is an awfully traditional assertion. Her tenacity to jump back into the role of wife and mother could be defined as tragic: society has conditioned her to believe that the only way she will feel satisfied in her role as a woman is to play the part of wife and mother. On the other hand, Christine makes her statement not out of ignorance, but as a woman well aware of life without men. Thus, Christine’s dissatisfaction may not be a nod to the tragic conditioning of women to fit the role of wife and mother, but an acknowledgement of the intrinsic inclination that we as humble humans feel regarding a need and desire for love. Christine and Krogstad, who reunite towards the end of the play, contrast the relationship of the Helmers in that the foundation of the new found relationship is one of mutual understanding and equality. Christine says to Krogstad, â€Å"Nils, how would it be if we two shipwrecked people could join forces? [†¦] Two on the same piece of wreckage would stand a better chance than each on their own† (Ibsen 1388). Perhaps the point Ibsen is trying to perpetuate in the reunion of Christine and Krogstad is that â€Å"the most wonderful thing of all† (Ibsen 1403) is, in fact, a marriage, a marriage that is â€Å"a wonderful thing† despite the imperfections of the individual, or within the relationship, a marriage that depicts what Nora defines as â€Å"a real wedlock† (Ibsen 1402). Although it can’t be entirely denied that Ibsen is making a statement on the rights of women in this era, a greater feat is his illustration of the institution of marriage as flawed by fallacious fronts. Ibsen’s greatest achievement in â€Å"A Doll’s House,† however, is not the judgment it passes on the institution of marital union, but the warning it perpetuates: â€Å"It is of no use lying to one’s self† (Ibsen 1376). Ibsen incorporates implication of hope in the union of Christine and Krogstad, a union that may be full of imperfection, but is free of fallacious fronts. Ibsen illuminates the issue of societal pressure through the intricacies of each, Torvald, Nora, Krogstad, and Christine, to underline an issue that goes far beyond feminist ideals, and perhaps even more impressively, an idea that transcends time. Works Cited Hardwick, Elizabeth. â€Å"Ibsen’s Women.† Seduction and Betrayal: Women and Literature. New York: Random House, 1974. 31-84. Rpt. in Drama Criticism. Ed. Lawrence J Trudeau. Vol 2. Detroit: Gale Research Inc, 1992. 292-296. Print. Ibsen, Henrik, and Evert Sprinchorn. Letters and speeches. 1st ed. New York: Hill and Wang, 1964. Print. Ibsen, Henrik. â€Å"A Doll’s House.† Literature and Its Writers: An Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, and Drama. By Ann Charters and Samuel Barclay. Charters. 6th ed. Boston: Bedford/St Martin’s, 2012. 1349-1402. Print. Northam, John. â€Å"Ibsen’s Search for the Hero.† Ibsen: A Collection of Critical Essays. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1965. 91-108. Rpt. in Twentieth Century Literary Criticism. Ed. Paula Kepos. Vol 37. Detroit: Gale Research Inc, 1991. 249-253. Print.